niacin, riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid (B5), biotin, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin A, and vitamin D.

Vitamin deficiencies are a serious health concern, as vitamins play an essential role in many bodily processes and functions. In this essay, we will discuss the clinical manifestations, similarities, and differences of several vitamin deficiencies: niacin (also known as vitamin B3), riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid (B5), biotin, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E ,vitamin A and Vitamin D.

Niacin deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and dermatological changes including skin rash or pellagra. It can also lead to digestive issues such as nausea and vomiting. Riboflavin deficiency is associated with anemia due to poor oxygenation of red blood cells along with dry eyes and mouth sores. Thiamine deficiency presents with neurological symptoms such as confusion or disorientation due to encephalopathy; other signs may include tenderness in the legs or feet due to beriberi polyneuritis along with cardiomyopathy that leads to congestive heart failure. Folate deficiency manifests primarily through anemia which often results from low levels of circulating red blood cells; other common symptoms include diarrhea or general fatigue. Vitamin B12 deficiency is marked by macrocytic anemias that result from lack of intrinsic factor production related to pernicious anemia; it can also lead to reversible nerve damage if not treated promptly.

Vitamin B6’s main symptom includes sore tongue accompanied by other gastrointestinal disturbances like loss of appetite along with mental disturbances including irritability or depression. Pantothenic acid’s most common manifestation includes burning sensation on palms/soles followed by headaches along with abdominal cramping upon activity exertion; its absence can cause gravimetric fatigue if left untreated for too long . Deficiency in biotin may be seen through dermatological changes like scaly rashes around eyelids alongside alopecia while sufficient intake helps maintain healthy hair nails & skin tone . Vitamin C’s most common sign is scurvy which is a condition characterized by bruising easily due to weakened walls surrounding capillaries ; it could also manifest itself via joint pains & irregular gums bleeding accompanied by swollen abdomen & severe weight loss over time .

Describe the clinical manifestations, similarities, and differences of the following vitamin deficiencies: niacin, riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid (B5), biotin, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin A, and vitamin D.

Vitamin K’s primary indicator would be excessive bleeding caused due internal hemorrhaging since it plays a vital role in maintaining clotting mechanisms amongst patients who have inadequate dietary intake ; however , unlike other vitamins discussed thus far , its regular daily needs are usually met via bacterial synthesis present within intestine . Other signs linked to insufficient amounts include jaundice combined with bone fragility leading towards fractures occurring rather easily even under normal strain conditions .

Similarly , significant shortage in vit-E might promote muscle wasting involving body extremities alongside potential vision loss depending on severity level thereby making prompt medical attention imperative . Vitamin A manifests itself through night blindness paired up with xerophthalmia if levels drop below acceptable threshold limits while acne tends appear more frequently amongst those individuals who ingest grossly large doses at once instead of regular consistent dosage regimen over extended period durations .

Finally , Vit -D exhibits itself through rickets where weakened bones become prone towards fractures during normally minor physical activities ; it may also result in hypocalcemic seizures at early infant stages when exposed too much sun light without adequate sunscreen protection being applied first since UV radiation interferes natural absorption processes required for maximum benefits derived out solely relying on get just diet alone only going forward thereafter onwards till date currently still now today today ..